Football:
Football refers to a number of sports that
involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball with
the foot to score a goal. Unqualified, the word football is
understood to refer to whichever form of football is the most popular in the
regional context in which the word appears: association football (also known as soccer) in the vast
majority of the world; gridiron football (specifically American football or Canadian football) in the United States and
Canada; Australian rules
football in Australia; Gaelic football in Ireland; and rugby football (specifically rugby union) in New Zealand. These different variations of football
are known as football codes.
Various
forms of football can be identified in history, often as popular peasant games.
Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to the
codification of these games at English public schools in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries The influence and power
of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to
spread to areas of British influence outside of the directly controlled Empire, though by the end of the nineteenth
century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic Football, for
example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football
games in order to maintain their heritage. In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the
first of many professional football competitions. During the
twentieth century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become among
the most popular team sports in the world.
Common elements
The various codes of football share certain common elements.
Players in American football, Canadian football, rugby union and rugby league
take-up positions in a limited area of the field at the start of the game. They
tend to use throwing and running as the main ways of moving the ball, and only
kick on certain limited occasions. Body tackling is a major skill, and games
typically involve short passages of play of 5–90 seconds. Association
football, Australian rules football and Gaelic football tend to use kicking to
move the ball around the pitch, with handling more limited. Body tackles are
less central to the game, and players are freer to move around the field (offside laws
are typically less strict). Common rules among the sports include.Two teams of usually
between 11 and 18 players; some variations that have fewer players (five or
more per team) are also popular.
·
A clearly defined area
in which to play the game.
·
Scoring goals or points,
by moving the ball to an opposing team's end of the field and either into a
goal area, or over a line.
·
Goals or points
resulting from players putting the ball between two goalposts.
·
The goal or line being defended by
the opposing team.
·
Players being required
to move the ball—depending on the code—by kicking, carrying, or hand-passing
the ball.
·
Players using only
their body to move the ball.
In all codes, common skills include passing, tackling, evasion of tackles, catching and kicking.[8] In most codes, there are rules
restricting the movement of players offside, and
players scoring a goal must put the ball either under or over a crossbar between
the goalpost
The Rules of Football
The rules of football are officially referred to as the
"Laws of the Game". The Laws of the Game are described very
precisely (approximately 150 pages) on the FIFA website here.
There are 17 laws in total, each one briefly summarised below.
Field of Play. The game can be played on either natural or artificial surfaces, the surface must be green and rectangular in shape. The two long sides of the rectangle are called touch lines and the two shorter sides are called goal lines. The field is divided in half by the halfway line.
Ball. Must be spherical, made of leather (or similar) 68-70 cm in circumference and of a certain pressure.
Number of Players. Two teams of no more than 11 players (one of which is the goalkeeper). A game cannot start if either team has less than 7 players.
Equipment. Players must wear a jersey, shorts, stockings, shinguards and footwear.
Referee. The referee ensures the Laws of the Game are respected and upheld.
Assistant Referees. There may be at most 2 assistant referees.
Duration of the Match. The game is played in 2 halves consisting of 45 minutes each. The half time interval must not exceed more than 15 minutes. At the discretion of the referee more time is allowed to compensate for any stoppage during play e.g. Due to substitutions or care and attention of injured players.
Start and Restart of Play. A kick-off starts play at the start of the match or after a goal. A kick-off involves one player kicking the ball, from stationary, forward from the centre spot. All players must be in their own half prior to kick-off. A coin is tossed pre-game, the team which loses the toss are awarded the kick-off to start the game whilst the team that win the toss are allowed to choose which direction they want to play. After half time the teams switch direction and the other team will kick-off. After a goal is scored, the team which conceded the goal will kick-off to restart play.
Ball in and Out of Play. The ball is out of play once a goal has been scored or when the referee has stopped the game. The ball is in play at all other times.
Method of Scoring. The ball crosses the goal line inside the goal mouth.
Offside. It is an offence for a player to be in contact with the ball when they are closer to the opponents' goal than both the ball and the second-last opponent. The offside rule exists to ensure there are always opponents (generally the goal keeper and a defender) between a player receiving the ball and the goal. Without the offside rule, play can become boring with repeated long balls being kicked to a player stood next to the goalkeeper for an easy goal.
Fouls/Misconduct. These are many and varied, broadly speaking it is an offence to use excessive force whilst playing the game either deliberately or undeliberately or to handle the ball (unless you are a goal keeper). The referee may show the yellow card to caution players for less serious offences and the red card for more serious offences resulting in the player being sent off. Two yellow cards are equivalent to one red card.
Free Kicks. Are given by the referee for fouls and misconduct. A free kick can either be direct or indirect. A goal can be scored directly from a direct free kick. A goal can only be scored from an indirect free kick if it touches at least one other player first. The free kick must be taken from a stationary position with that position varying depending on whether the free kick was given inside or outside the goal area and whether it's direct or indirect. The opposing team must be a minimum of 9.15 m from the ball when the free kick is taken.
There are 17 laws in total, each one briefly summarised below.
Field of Play. The game can be played on either natural or artificial surfaces, the surface must be green and rectangular in shape. The two long sides of the rectangle are called touch lines and the two shorter sides are called goal lines. The field is divided in half by the halfway line.
Ball. Must be spherical, made of leather (or similar) 68-70 cm in circumference and of a certain pressure.
Number of Players. Two teams of no more than 11 players (one of which is the goalkeeper). A game cannot start if either team has less than 7 players.
Equipment. Players must wear a jersey, shorts, stockings, shinguards and footwear.
Referee. The referee ensures the Laws of the Game are respected and upheld.
Assistant Referees. There may be at most 2 assistant referees.
Duration of the Match. The game is played in 2 halves consisting of 45 minutes each. The half time interval must not exceed more than 15 minutes. At the discretion of the referee more time is allowed to compensate for any stoppage during play e.g. Due to substitutions or care and attention of injured players.
Start and Restart of Play. A kick-off starts play at the start of the match or after a goal. A kick-off involves one player kicking the ball, from stationary, forward from the centre spot. All players must be in their own half prior to kick-off. A coin is tossed pre-game, the team which loses the toss are awarded the kick-off to start the game whilst the team that win the toss are allowed to choose which direction they want to play. After half time the teams switch direction and the other team will kick-off. After a goal is scored, the team which conceded the goal will kick-off to restart play.
Ball in and Out of Play. The ball is out of play once a goal has been scored or when the referee has stopped the game. The ball is in play at all other times.
Method of Scoring. The ball crosses the goal line inside the goal mouth.
Offside. It is an offence for a player to be in contact with the ball when they are closer to the opponents' goal than both the ball and the second-last opponent. The offside rule exists to ensure there are always opponents (generally the goal keeper and a defender) between a player receiving the ball and the goal. Without the offside rule, play can become boring with repeated long balls being kicked to a player stood next to the goalkeeper for an easy goal.
Fouls/Misconduct. These are many and varied, broadly speaking it is an offence to use excessive force whilst playing the game either deliberately or undeliberately or to handle the ball (unless you are a goal keeper). The referee may show the yellow card to caution players for less serious offences and the red card for more serious offences resulting in the player being sent off. Two yellow cards are equivalent to one red card.
Free Kicks. Are given by the referee for fouls and misconduct. A free kick can either be direct or indirect. A goal can be scored directly from a direct free kick. A goal can only be scored from an indirect free kick if it touches at least one other player first. The free kick must be taken from a stationary position with that position varying depending on whether the free kick was given inside or outside the goal area and whether it's direct or indirect. The opposing team must be a minimum of 9.15 m from the ball when the free kick is taken.
Penalty Kicks. Are given
against a team when they commit an offence which would normally be awarded a
direct free kick inside their goal area. The ball is kicked from
stationary from the penalty spot. The opposing team must be outside of
the penalty area and at least 9.15 m from the ball.
Throw-in. Used to
restart play after the whole of the ball has crossed the touch line.
Goal kick. Used to restart play after a goal has been scored.
Corner Kick. Is given when the whole of the ball crosses the goal line and was last touched by a member of the defending team (and no goal was scored). A corner kick is taken from inside the corner arc closest to the point where the ball crosses the goal line. The defending team must be at least 9.15 m from the ball when the corner kick is taken
Goal kick. Used to restart play after a goal has been scored.
Corner Kick. Is given when the whole of the ball crosses the goal line and was last touched by a member of the defending team (and no goal was scored). A corner kick is taken from inside the corner arc closest to the point where the ball crosses the goal line. The defending team must be at least 9.15 m from the ball when the corner kick is taken
The rules of football
are officially referred to as the "Laws of the Game". The Laws
of the Game are described very precisely (approximately 150 pages) on the FIFA
website Here
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